Effect of Ice formation on aircraft

During flight in certain conditions, ice may accumulate on the entire forward facing areas of the aircraft.
The accumulations of ice have the following effects on an aircraft:



•A decrease in lift due to a change in shape of the wing aerofoil section and loss of the streamline flow of air around the leading edges and top surfaces.

•An increase in drag for the same reasons that cause a loss of lift. The rough surface produced increases skin friction.

•Decreased propeller efficiency because of the change in blade shape. There is also the possibility of damage to the fuselage as a result of ice being flung off the propellers.

•There may be loss of control due to ice restricting or preventing movement of the control surfaces.

•An increase in weight causing loss of height. A change in distribution of the weight can cause a change in the trim of the aircraft and possibly a loss of stability.

•Blockage of pitot heads and static vents.

•Loss of vision through the forward facing cabin windows or windshields.

Water Distribution System

A main water distribution line runs from the tank into the space above the cabin ceiling,from there individual supply lines go to the galleys and toilets.

The distribution lines are usually of reinforced plastic tubing enclosed in an aluminium shroud.The outer shroud prevents leaking water dripping on to the cabin ceiling.The shroud conveys any leaking water to the lower fuselage area via drain tubes.The water then drains out of the fuselage via the drains.